La 34e édition de la Coupe d’Afrique des Nations (CAN) vient de s’achever avec le sacre du pays hôte, la Côte d’Ivoire. Au regard de la constitution des 24 nations participantes à cette grande messe du football africain, force est de constater que 21 (sur les 24) disposaient d’au moins deux joueurs binationaux en leur sein, tandis que seules trois n’en disposaient d’aucun.
Ce fort appétit sans cesse croissant des nations africaines vis à vis des joueurs binationaux ou trinationaux, est l’émanation de plusieurs facteurs qu’il convient d’évoquer, mais suggère surtout des problématiques à questionner.
Les faits sont implacables !
Les années s’enchaînent, les compétitions avec, pour le football africain, et le constat est clair : la CAN offre un spectacle de plus en plus reluisant. Dans une interview accordée à Africa Foot United il y’a quelques jours, Patrick Mboma confirmait au sujet de la CAN ivoirienne que: « l’Afrique a réussi le challenge de l’organisation d’une compétition de très haut niveau ». Mais si la CAN a connu cette amélioration notable dans sa compétitivité et la qualité du spectacle, c’est aussi le fait de la présence de joueurs de qualité, mieux formés, arrivant pour certains en Afrique avec le statut de binationaux, et déjà généralement « starifiés ». Cette diaspora africaine bien que très souvent constituée de « recalés des sélections européennes », a toutefois ce mérite, celui de renforcer les sélections africaines et rendre les compétitions continentales plus attrayantes.
Qu’il s’agisse de l’Algerie, le Sénégal ou de la Côte d’Ivoire, respectivement champions d’Afrique des trois dernières éditions de CAN (2019, 2021 et 2023), l’on note une réelle présence de joueurs binationaux dans les effectifs, et plus singulièrement dans les différents 11 titulaires. Dans le 11 entrant algériens lors de la finale de la CAN remportée en 2019 par exemple, plus de la moitié des joueurs étaient des binationaux. Mbolhi, Zeffane, Mandi, Guedioura, Feghouli et Mahrez sont tous nés en France. Pour le Sénégal sacré champion en 2021, plusieurs joueurs du 11 de la finale détenaient aussi deux passeports. Edouard Mendy, Kalidou Koulibaly, et autres Abdou Diallo sont entre autres, des joueurs binationaux. La Côte d’Ivoire championne 2023 n’est pas en reste, car les Evan Ndjicka, Seko Fofana et autres Sebastien Haller, ne sont pas des produits de la formation ivoirienne. L’on pourrait davantage multiplier des exemples, avec notamment le Maroc demi-finaliste de la Coupe du monde 2022 au sein duquel plusieurs joueurs étaient issus de la diaspora.
Le constat est donc implacable, les sélections africaines s’appuient de plus en plus sur des joueurs nés en Europe pour se renforcer et rehausser le niveau des compétitions continentales.
La formation africaine au banc des accusés !
La qualité de la formation des joueurs sur le continent africain est la principale raison du recours aux binationaux. Même si le niveau de la formation tend à s’améliorer d’années en années sur le continent, l’écart reste toujours important avec l’Europe qui propose aussi des perspectives de carrière bien plus cohérentes. En Afrique, seules quelques académies se démarquent, malgré le nombre de licenciés sans cesse croissant. La traçabilités des carrières, le contrôle des âges et les conditions de prise en charge sont plus évidents chez les gamins formés en Europe, ce qui fait des binationaux des clients privilégiés des sélections africaines. Chez les Lions indomptables du Cameroun par exemple, la tendance est de plus en plus à la hausse. La chasse aux binationaux est à la mode, et l’effectif n’est que complété par quelques natifs du terroir privilégiés, du fait de leur expatriation vers le vieux continent.
Des championnats locaux peu compétitifs !
Il est de plus en plus difficile de retrouver des sélections africaines avec plus d’un des onze joueurs titulaires évoluant sur le continent. Lors de la dernière CAN en Côte d’Ivoire, seul l’Egypte, l’Afrique du Sud et la Namibie avaient des effectifs d’abord sans aucun binational, mais aussi avec plus de la moitié du 11 entrant évoluant au pays. Dans une compétition à 24 nations, cela relève clairement de l’exception. Le niveau des championnats locaux africains est donc directement pointé du doigt comme étant un autre facteur favorisant le recours aux binationaux. Le champion du Cameroun par exemple ne saurait en réalité rivaliser même avec une équipe de Division 2 française, tant l’écart entre les deux équipes reste très abyssal. La qualité des infrastructures, la qualité de la formation, le professionnalisme, tout dispose les joueurs issus de la formation européenne à un statut important au sein des sélections nationales africaines, même si le débat sur leur état d’esprit continue d’entretenir de nombreuses controverses.
Binationaux : de simples mercenaires ?
La formule est bien connue de tous. À leur arrivée dans les sélections africaines, les binationaux brandissent toujours la notion du Choix du cœur: « Je n’ai jamais hésité une seule seconde, j’attendais juste le bon moment, mais sincèrement je me sens très honoré d’être là, c’est un choix du coeur » entend-on très souvent à leur première convocation. Quid du passage de la plupart dans les sélections de jeunes des nations européennes, Quid de leur attente parfois désobligeante de l’appel sélectionneurs des équipes fanions d’Europe. C’est d’ailleurs à ce titre que le sélectionneur ivoirien Emerse Fae a récemment décidé de mettre le pied dans la fourmilière : « les binationaux ne doivent plus venir en sélection par défaut » a lâché le champion d’Afrique. Une déclaration qui vient clairement remettre au centre du débat, la question de la motivation des binationaux au moment de venir en sélections nationales africaines. Choix par défaut ou par pure conviction, le débat peut rester ouvert, car les situations varient en fonction des sujets.
Que seraient les sélections et les compétitions africaines sans binationaux ?
Cette question méritent d’être posée, car les évolutions actuelles dans le football induisent des changements structurels dans le jeu et les différentes approches technico-tactiques. Si les joueurs africains traînent la réputation d’être plus physiques que techniques et tactiques, l’on pourrait donc se dire que les binationaux sont un complément idéal pour l’équilibre des sélections africaines. L’existence des compétitions internationales qui engagent les nations de tous les continents, implique un minimum dispositions sur le plan qualitatif et du professionnalisme pour permettre aux nations africaines d’exister par exemple en coupe du monde. Le diagnostic effectué plus haut indique nécessairement l’idée d’un football africain fortement dépendant de sa diaspora, de ses binationaux. Ceci est d’ailleurs valable à toutes les échelles même chez les entraîneurs, tant que la qualité de la formation et des championnats locaux ne se hisse pas au niveau des meilleures nations mondiales en la matière. À titre d’illusion encore, les trois derniers entraîneurs champions d’Afrique sont des produits de la diaspora africaine en Europe, et plus singulièrement en France. Belmadi y est né, Cissé y a fait ses classes depuis très jeune, Fae est aussi né et a grandi en France: comme un symbole de l’hyper dépendance des sélections africaines de leur diaspora, leurs binationaux.
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